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Epistemic HygieneModule 2

Misinformation Patterns

How False Information Spreads

Misinformation isn't random—it follows predictable patterns that exploit cognitive vulnerabilities.

Content Patterns

Emotional Amplification: True but misleading framing that triggers strong reactions Cherry-Picked Evidence: Selecting data points that support a claim while ignoring contradicting evidence False Context: Real images or quotes placed in misleading contexts Fabricated Content: Entirely made-up stories, often with fake sources Manipulated Media: Altered images, deceptive editing, deepfakes

Distribution Patterns

Coordinated Amplification: Networks of accounts sharing simultaneously Authority Laundering: Fake experts or misattributed quotes Astroturfing: Manufactured grassroots appearance Engagement Farming: Controversial claims designed to trigger responses

Knowledge Check

An image shows a politician at what's claimed to be a controversial event. What misinformation pattern should you check for first?